Key Retirement Ages
Important age milestones for Social Security, Medicare, and retirement accounts
Key Numbers
Penalty-Free
59½
Early SS
Age 62
Medicare
Age 65
Full Retirement
Age 67 (1960+)
Retirement planning involves navigating multiple age-based milestones. Each age unlocks — or requires — different actions, from penalty-free withdrawals to Medicare enrollment to required minimum distributions.
Key Retirement Ages at a Glance
| Age | Milestone | What Happens |
|---|---|---|
| 50 | Catch-Up Contributions | Extra contributions allowed for 401(k) (+$8,000), IRA (+$1,100), HSA (+$1,000) |
| 55 | Rule of 55 | Penalty-free 401(k) withdrawals if you separate from service; HSA catch-up begins |
| 59½ | Penalty-Free Withdrawals | 10% early withdrawal penalty no longer applies to most retirement accounts |
| 60–63 | Super Catch-Up | Higher 401(k) catch-up: $11,250 vs. standard $8,000 (SECURE 2.0) |
| 62 | Early Social Security | Earliest claiming age — benefit reduced up to 30% vs. FRA |
| 65 | Medicare Eligibility | Initial Enrollment Period begins 3 months before 65th birthday month |
| 66–67 | Full Retirement Age | 100% of Social Security benefit (varies by birth year) |
| 70 | Maximum Social Security | Delayed credits stop — up to 124% of FRA benefit |
| 73 | RMDs Begin | Required minimum distributions from Traditional IRA, 401(k), and other tax-deferred accounts |
Retirement Accounts
Age thresholds determine when you can access retirement funds penalty-free, when catch-up contributions are available, and when required distributions begin.
Account Milestones by Age (2026)
| Age | Milestone | Key Details |
|---|---|---|
| 50 | Catch-Up Begins | 401(k)/403(b): +$8,000 · IRA: +$1,100 · SIMPLE: +$4,000 |
| 55 | Rule of 55 | Penalty-free 401(k)/403(b) withdrawal if you separate from the employer in the year you turn 55+. Only applies to that employer's plan — not IRAs or prior plans. Public safety workers may qualify at 50. |
| 55 | HSA Catch-Up | Additional $1,000/year HSA contribution (self-only or family) |
| 59½ | Penalty-Free | 10% penalty ends for Traditional IRA, 401(k), 403(b), SEP, SIMPLE, Roth 401(k). Roth IRA earnings also require the 5-year rule. |
| 60–63 | Super Catch-Up | 401(k)/403(b)/gov. 457(b) catch-up rises to $11,250 (vs. $8,000). Max total contribution: $35,750. |
| 73 | RMDs Begin | First RMD due by April 1 of the year after turning 73; subsequent RMDs by Dec 31 each year. Penalty: 25% of missed amount (10% if corrected within 2 years). Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s are exempt. |
Exceptions to 10% Early Withdrawal Penalty
| Exception | IRA | 401(k) |
|---|---|---|
| Death (beneficiary distributions) | ✓ | ✓ |
| Disability | ✓ | ✓ |
| Substantially Equal Periodic Payments (72t/SEPP) | ✓ | ✓ |
| Unreimbursed medical expenses (>7.5% of AGI) | ✓ | ✓ |
| Birth or adoption (up to $5,000) | ✓ | ✓ |
| Health insurance premiums while unemployed | ✓ | — |
| First-time home purchase (up to $10,000 lifetime) | ✓ | — |
| Qualified higher education expenses | ✓ | — |
| Rule of 55 (separation from service at 55+) | — | ✓ |
Penalty exceptions avoid the 10% penalty, but withdrawals from pre-tax accounts are still subject to income tax.
Medicare
Medicare eligibility begins at age 65. Understanding enrollment windows and late penalties is critical to avoid coverage gaps and permanent premium increases.
Initial Enrollment Period (IEP)
A 7-month window centered on your 65th birthday month: 3 months before, the birthday month itself, and 3 months after. Enrolling early in the window ensures coverage starts on time.
Medicare Parts at a Glance (2026)
| Part | Coverage | 2026 Premium |
|---|---|---|
| Part A | Hospital insurance | $0 (40+ work quarters) |
| Part B | Medical insurance (doctors, outpatient) | $202.90/mo |
| Part C | Medicare Advantage (private plan alternative) | Varies by plan |
| Part D | Prescription drug coverage | ~$35–$100/mo |
Higher-income beneficiaries pay IRMAA surcharges on Parts B and D based on MAGI from 2 years prior. See the Medicare IRMAA reference for full bracket tables.
Late Enrollment Penalties
| Part | Penalty Calculation | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| Part B | +10% per full 12-month period you could have enrolled but didn't | Permanent |
| Part D | +1% of base premium ($36.78 in 2026) per month without creditable coverage | Permanent |
Special Enrollment Period: If you're 65+ but covered by employer health insurance (yours or spouse's), you can delay Medicare without penalty. You get an 8-month SEP after employer coverage ends.
HSA contributions stop at Medicare enrollment. Once you enroll in any part of Medicare (including Part A), you can no longer contribute to an HSA. If still working at 65 and contributing to an HSA, you may need to delay Medicare.
Sources
- 1.Social Security Administration — Retirement Planner: Full Retirement Age
- 2.Social Security Administration — Receiving Benefits While Working (Earnings Test)
- 3.Social Security Administration — 2026 COLA Fact Sheet
- 4.IRS — 401(k) Limit Increases to $24,500 for 2026
- 5.IRS — Retirement Topics: Exceptions to Tax on Early Distributions
- 6.Medicare.gov — When Does Medicare Coverage Start
- 7.IRS — Publication 969: Health Savings Accounts
This content is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute financial, tax, or legal advice. Consult a qualified professional for guidance tailored to your situation.