529 Plan Limits by State
State-by-state guide to 529 aggregate contribution limits, tax deductions, gift tax rules, and the 2026 K-12 expansion.
Key Numbers
Gift Exclusion
$19,000 (2026)
Superfunding
$95,000 / 5 Yrs
K-12 Limit
$20,000/yr (2026+)
Aggregate Range
$235K–$621K
529 plans offer tax-advantaged savings for education expenses. There is no federal annual contribution limit, but states set aggregate lifetime limits ranging from $235,000 to $621,411 per beneficiary. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (signed July 4, 2025) significantly expanded eligible expenses and increased the K-12 withdrawal cap.
2025–2026 Changes (OBBBA)
| Change | Details | Effective |
|---|---|---|
| K-12 limit doubled | $20,000/year per student (up from $10,000) | Jan 1, 2026 |
| Expanded K-12 expenses | Books, tutoring, educational therapies, homeschooling, test fees | July 5, 2025 |
| Credential programs | Trade certifications, vocational licenses, WIOA-approved programs | July 5, 2025 |
| Roth IRA rollover | Up to $35,000 lifetime (account must be 15+ years old) | Permanent (SECURE 2.0) |
State Aggregate Limits Range
| Tier | Aggregate Limit | Example States |
|---|---|---|
| Lowest | $235,000 | Georgia |
| Common Range | $300K–$500K | Most states |
| High Tier | $500K–$575K | California, New York, Texas |
| Highest | $621,411 | New Hampshire |
Aggregate limits apply per beneficiary across all 529 accounts in that state. Account balances can still grow past the limit through investment returns.
State-by-State Limits
Each state sets its own aggregate contribution limit and tax deduction rules. Deduction amounts are shown as Single / MFJ. “Tax parity” states (✓) allow deductions for contributions to any state’s 529 plan.
| State | Aggregate Limit | Annual Tax Deduction | Parity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $475,000 | $5,000 / $10,000 | — |
| Alaska | $475,000 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| Arizona | $531,000 | $2,000 / $4,000 | ✓ |
| Arkansas | $500,000 | $5,000 / $10,000 | ✓ |
| California | $529,000 | None | — |
| Colorado | $500,000 | Unlimited | ✓ |
| Connecticut | $550,000 | $5,000 / $10,000 | — |
| Delaware | $350,000 | None | — |
| Florida | $418,000 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| Georgia | $235,000 | $8,000 / $16,000 | — |
| Hawaii | $305,000 | None | — |
| Idaho | $500,000 | $6,000 / $12,000 | ✓ |
| Illinois | $500,000 | $10,000 / $20,000 | — |
| Indiana | $450,000 | 20% credit (max $1,500) | ✓ |
| Iowa | $420,000 | $3,785 / $7,570 | ✓ |
| Kansas | $450,000 | $3,000 / $6,000 | ✓ |
| Kentucky | $450,000 | None | — |
| Louisiana | $500,000 | $2,400 / $4,800 | — |
| Maine | $520,000 | Unlimited | ✓ |
| Maryland | $500,000 | $2,500 / $5,000 | — |
| Massachusetts | $500,000 | $1,000 / $2,000 | — |
| Michigan | $500,000 | $5,000 / $10,000 | — |
| Minnesota | $425,000 | None (credit available) | — |
| Mississippi | $475,000 | $10,000 / $20,000 | — |
| Missouri | $550,000 | $8,000 / $16,000 | ✓ |
| Montana | $396,000 | $3,000 / $6,000 | — |
| Nebraska | $500,000 | $5,000 / $10,000 | ✓ |
| Nevada | $500,000 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| New Hampshire | $621,411 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| New Jersey | $305,000 | None | — |
| New Mexico | $500,000 | Unlimited | — |
| New York | $520,000 | $5,000 / $10,000 | — |
| North Carolina | $550,000 | None | — |
| North Dakota | $269,000 | $5,000 / $10,000 | ✓ |
| Ohio | $517,000 | $4,000 / $4,000 | ✓ |
| Oklahoma | $450,000 | $10,000 / $20,000 | ✓ |
| Oregon | $400,000 | $150 credit / $300 | ✓ |
| Pennsylvania | $511,758 | $17,000 / $34,000 | ✓ |
| Rhode Island | $520,000 | $500 / $1,000 | — |
| South Carolina | $540,000 | Unlimited | — |
| South Dakota | $350,000 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| Tennessee | $350,000 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| Texas | $500,000 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| Utah | $525,000 | 5% credit (max $105) | ✓ |
| Vermont | $550,000 | 10% credit (max $250) | ✓ |
| Virginia | $550,000 | $4,000 (unlimited 70+) | — |
| Washington | $500,000 | No state income tax | ✓ |
| West Virginia | $450,000 | Unlimited | — |
| Wisconsin | $545,600 | $5,280 / $5,280 | — |
| Washington D.C. | $500,000 | $4,000 / $8,000 | ✓ |
Wyoming does not offer a state-sponsored 529 plan. Deduction limits and tax parity status are subject to change; verify with your state’s plan before contributing.
Unlimited deduction states: Colorado and Maine offer unlimited deductions with tax parity. New Mexico, South Carolina, and West Virginia offer unlimited deductions for in-state plans only.
Gift Tax Rules
529 contributions are considered gifts for federal tax purposes. The annual gift tax exclusion and the 5-year “superfunding” election let families front-load accounts without using their lifetime exemption.
| Limit Type | Single | Married (Joint) |
|---|---|---|
| Annual Gift Tax Exclusion | $19,000 | $38,000 |
| 5-Year Superfunding | $95,000 | $190,000 |
| Lifetime Gift/Estate Exemption | $15,000,000 | $30,000,000 |
Superfunding (5-Year Averaging)
How it works: Contribute up to 5× the annual exclusion at once ($95,000 single / $190,000 couples), then elect on Form 709 to spread the gift over 5 tax years. No additional gifts to that beneficiary during the 5-year period.
Estate impact: If the contributor dies during the 5-year period, the remaining unallocated years are included in their estate.
Multiple Contributors (2026 Example)
| Contributor | Max Without Form 709 |
|---|---|
| Parents (married, joint) | $38,000 |
| Grandpa (single) | $19,000 |
| Grandma (single) | $19,000 |
| Total to one child | $76,000 |
No Form 709 Required
Contributions ≤ $19,000/year per beneficiary (single) or ≤ $38,000/year (couples). Each contributor has their own exclusion.
Form 709 Required
Contributions exceeding the annual exclusion, using superfunding, or combined gifts to one beneficiary above the threshold. Filing doesn’t mean you owe tax—it just reports the gift.
Qualified Expenses
529 funds can be withdrawn tax-free for qualified education expenses. The 2025 legislation significantly expanded eligible K-12 and career training costs.
Qualified (Higher Ed)
Tuition and fees, room and board (half-time+), books/supplies/equipment, computer and internet, special needs services, apprenticeship programs, credential/certification programs (new).
Not Qualified
Transportation/travel, health insurance, student loan payments (separate $10K lifetime limit), sports/activity fees (unless required), application fees.
K-12 Education (Expanded 2026)
| Qualified K-12 Expense | Effective |
|---|---|
| Private/religious school tuition | 2017+ |
| Curriculum materials, textbooks, online educational materials | July 2025 |
| Tutoring (outside the home, qualified tutor) | July 2025 |
| Educational therapies for students with disabilities | July 2025 |
| Homeschooling expenses | July 2025 |
| Standardized test, AP exam, and college admission exam fees | July 2025 |
| Dual-enrollment fees for college courses | July 2025 |
K-12 annual cap: $20,000 per student starting 2026 (was $10,000). The cap applies across all expense categories combined.
Special Provisions
| Provision | Limit | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Student Loan Repayment | $10,000 lifetime | Per beneficiary; siblings also eligible for their own $10K |
| Roth IRA Rollover | $35,000 lifetime | Account 15+ years old; annual Roth contribution limits apply |
| Beneficiary Change | Unlimited | Tax-free if new beneficiary is a family member |
| Scholarship Exception | Up to award | Withdraw penalty-free (earnings still taxable) if scholarship received |
Non-qualified withdrawals: Earnings are subject to federal income tax plus a 10% penalty (exceptions: death, disability, scholarship, military academy, Roth IRA rollover). Contributions are never taxed or penalized.
State conformity: Not all states conform to the expanded federal K-12 rules—some may tax newly qualified withdrawals or recapture prior deductions.
This content is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute financial, tax, or legal advice. Consult a qualified professional for guidance tailored to your situation.